Select List of Scientific Publications       

 

Alender, M., Matto, J., Kniefel, W., Johansson, M., Kogler, B., Crittenden, R., Mattila-Sandholm, T. and Saarela, M. (2001) Effect of galacto-oligosaccharide suplementation on human faecal microflora and on survival and persistance of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 in the gastrointestinal tract. International Dairy Journal, 11, 817-825.

Alvarez-Olmos, M. I. and Oberhelman, R. A. (2001) Probiotic agents and infectious diseases: a modern perspective on a traditional therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32, 1567-1576.

Anderssen, E. L., Diep, D. B., Nes, I. F., Eijsink, V. G. H. and Nissen-Meyer, J. (1998) Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus plantarum C11: Two new tow-peptide bacteriocins, plantaricins EFand JK, and the induction factor plantaricin A. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 2269-2272.

Apajalhti, J. H., Kettunen, H., Kettunen, A., Holben, W. E., Nurminen, P. H., Rautonen, N. and Mutanen, M. (2002) Culture-independent microbial community analysis reveals that inulin in the diet primarily affects previously unknown bacteria in the mouse cecum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 4986-4995.

Bengmark, S. (1998) Ecological control of the gastrointestinal tract. The role of probiotic flora. Gut, 42, 2-7.

Beritzoglou E. (1997) The intestinal flora during the first weeks of life. Anaerobe 3, 173-177.

Bingham, S.A., Pett, S. and Day, K.C. 1990. NSP intake of a representative sample of British adults. Journal of Human Nutrition and Diet 3, 339-344.

Bomba, A., Nemcova, R., Gancarcikova, S., Herich, R., Guba, P. and Mudronova, D. (2002) Improvement of the probiotic effect of microorganisms by their combination with maltodextrins, fructo-oligosaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition, 88, 95S-99S.

Bornet, F. R. J., Brouns, F., Tashiro, Y. and Duviller, V. (2002) Nutritional aspect of short-chain fructooligosaccharides: natural occurrence, chemistry, physiology and health implications. Digestive and Liver Disease, 34, S111-S120.

Bouhnik, Y., Vahedi, K., Achour, L., Attar, A., Salfati, J., Pochart, P., Marteau, P., Flourie, B., Bornet, F. and Rambaud, J.-C. (1999) Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide administration dose-dependently increases faecal bifidobactera in humans. Journal of Nutrition, 129, 113-116.

Bruno, F. A. and Shah, N. P. (2002) Inhibition of pathogenic and putrefactive microorganisms by Bifidobacterium sp. Milchwissenschaft, 57, 617-621.

Burns, A. J. and Rowland, I. R. (2000) Anti-carcinogenicity of probiotics and prebiotics. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology, 1, 13-24.

Bucke C. and Rastall R.A. (1990). Synthesising sugars by enzymes in reverse. Chemistry Britain 26, 675-678.

Buddington R.K., Williams C.H., Chen S. and Witherly S.A. (1996) Dietary supplement of neosugar alters the faecal flora and decreases activities of some reductive enzymes in human subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63, 709-716.

Burns, A. J. and Rowland, I. R. (2000) Anti-carcinogenicity of probiotics and prebiotics. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology, 1, 13-24.

Chadwick V.S. and Anderson R.P. (1995) The role of intestinal bacteria in etiology and maintenance of inflammatory bowel diseases. In: Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology. G.R. Gibson and G.T. Macfarlane, (Eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, pp. 227-256.

Charalampopoulos, D., Wang, R., Pandiella, S. S. and Webb, C. (2002) Application of cereals and cereal components in functional foods: a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 79, 131-141.

Chonan, O., Takahashi, R. and Watanuki, M. (2001) Role and activity of gastrointestinal microflora in absorption of calcium and magnesuim in rats fed b1-4 linked galactooligosaccarides. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 65, 1872-1875.

Conway P.L. (1995) Microbial ecology of the human large intestine. In: Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology. G.R. Gibson and G.T. Macfarlane, (Eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, pp. 1-24.

Cross, M. (2002) Microbes versus microbes: immune signals generated by probiotic lactobacilli and their role in protection against microbial pathogens. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 34, 245-253.

Cummings J.H. (1981) Cellulose and the human gut. Gut. 25, 805-810.

Cummings J.H. (1995) Short chain fatty acids. In: Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology. G.R. Gibson and G.T. Macfarlane, (Eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, pp. 101-130.

Cummings J.H. and Macfarlane G.T. (1991) The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon: a review. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 70, 443-459.

Duerden B.I., Wade W.G., Brazier J.S., Eley A., Wren B. and Hudson M.J. (Eds.) (1995) Ecology and epidemiology of Clostridium difficile. In: Medical and Dental Aspects of Anaerobes. Science Reviews, Middlesex, UK. pp.153-248.

Dunne, C. (2001) Adaptation of bacteria to the intestinal niche: probiotics and gut disorder. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 7, 136-145.

Ellegärd L., Andersson H. and Bosaeus I. (1997) Inulin and oligofructose do not influence the absorption of cholesterol, or the excretion of cholesterol, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe or bile acids but increases energy excretion in ileostomy subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, 1-5.

Engelhardt, W., Busche, R., Gros, G. and Rechkemmer, G. 1991. Absorption of short-chain fatty acids: Mechanisms and regional differences in the large intestine. In, “Short-chain fatty acids: metabolism and clinical importance” (Ed. Cummings, J. H., Rombeau, J. L., Sakata, T.). Columbus: Ross Laboratories Press. p. 60-62.

Englyst, H.N. and Cummings, J.H. 1986. Digestion of the carbohydrates of banana (Musa paradisiaca sapientum) in the human small intestine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 42-50.

Englyst, H.N. and Cummings, J.H. 1987. Digestion of polysaccharides of potato in the small intestine of man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 423-431.

Fermia, A. P., Luceri, C., Dorola, P., Giannini, A., Biggeri, A., Salvadori, M., Clune, Y., Collins, K. J., Paglierani, M. and Caderni, G. (2002) Antitumorigenic activity of the prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the prebiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and  Bifidobacterium lactis on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis, 23, 1953-1960.

Finlay, B.B. and Falkow, S. 1989. Common themes in microbial pathogenicity. Microbiological Reviews 53, 210-230.

Fujiwara, S., Seto, Y., Kimura, A. and Hashiba, H. (2001) Intestinal transit of an orally administered strptomycin-rifampcin-resistant variant of  Bifidobacterium longum 2928:its long-term survival and effect on the intestinal microflora and metabolism. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 29, 43-52.

Fuller, R. (1989) Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 66, 365-378.

Fuller R. (1991). Factors affecting the composition of the intestinal microflora of the human infant. In: Nutritional Needs of the Six to Twelve Month Old Infant. W. C. Heird (Ed.) Carnation Nutrition Education Glendale / Raven Press Ltd. NY, USA. Series. 2. pp. 121-130.

Fuller R. and Gibson G.R. (1998) Probiotics and prebiotics: microflora management for improved gut health. Clin Microbiol. Infect. 4, 477-480.

Gallaher, D. D. and Khil, J. (1999) The effect of synbiotics on colon carcinogenesis in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 129 supp, 1483S-1487S.

Gerasimov, S. V. (2004) Probiotic prophylaxis in paediatric recurrent urinary tract infections. Clinical Paediatrics, 43, 95-98.

Gibson G.R. (1998) Dietary modulation of the human gut microflora using prebiotics. Brit. J. Nutr. 80, S209-S212.

Gibson G.R. and Collins M.D. (1999) Concept of balanced colonic microbiota, prebiotics and synbiotics. In: Probiotics, Other Nutritional Factors and Intestinal Microflora. L.A. Hanson and R.H. Yolken (Eds.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series, vol. 42. Raven Publishers, Philadelphia. pp. 139-153.

Gibson, G. R. and Roberfroid, M. B. (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition, 125, 1401-1412.

Gibson G.R. and Wang X (1994a) Enrichment of bifidobacteria from human gut contents by oligofructose using continuous culture. FEMS Microbiol. Letts. 118, 121-128.

Gibson G.R. and Wang X. (1994b) Regulatory effects of bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 77, 412-420.

Gibson, G. R., Macfarlane, S. and Cummings, J. H. 1990. The fermentability of polysaccharides by mixed human faecal bacteria in relation to their suitability as bulk-forming laxatives. Letters in Applied Microbiology 11, 251-254.

Gibson G.R., Beatty E.R., Wang X. and Cummings J.H. (1995) Selective stimulation of bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin. Gastroenterol. 108, 975-982.

Gibson G.R., Saavedra J.M., Macfarlane S. and Macfarlane G.T. (1997) Probiotics and intestinal infections. In: Probiotics 2: Applications and Practical Aspects. R. Fuller (Ed.) Chapman and Hall, London. pp. 10-39.

Gibson G.R., Rastall R.A. and Roberfroid M.B. (1999) Prebiotics, In: Colonic Microbiota: Nutrition and Health. G.R. Gibson and M.B. Roberfroid (Eds.) Kluwer Academic Press, The Netherlands. pp. 101-124.

Gibson G.R., Berry Ottaway P. and Rastall R.A. (2000) Prebiotics: New Developments in Functional Foods. Oxford, Chandos Publishing Limited.

Gibson, G.R., Probert, H.M., van Loo, J.A.E., Rastall, R.A. and Roberfroid, M.B. 2004. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutrition Research Reviews 17, 259-275.

Gionchetti P., Rizzello F., Venturi A. and Campieri M. (2000) Probiotics in infective diarrhoea and inflammatory bowel diseases. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 489-493.

Goldin B.R. and Gorbach S.L. (1992) Probiotics for humans. In: Probiotics. The Scientific Basis. Fuller R. (Ed.) Chapman and Hall, London. pp. 355-376.

Gorbach, S. L. (2002) Probiotics in the third millennium. Digestive and Liver Disease, 34, S2-S7.

Gronlund M.M., Lehtonen O.P., Eerola E. and Kero P. (1999) Faecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: permanent changes in intestinal flora after Cesarean delivery. J. Paediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 28, 19-25.

Havenaar R., Ten Brink B. Huis in’t Veld J.H.J. (1992) In: Probiotics. The Scientific Basis. R. Fuller (Ed.). Chapman and Hall, London. pp. 209-224.

Havenaar R. and Huis in’t Veld J.H.J. (1992) Probiotics: a general view. In: The Lactic Acid Bacteria. Vol 1. The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease. B.J.B Wood (Ed.) Elsevier Applied Science, Barking. pp. 151-170.

Heerze, L.D., Kelm, M.A. and Talbot, J.A. 1994. Oligosaccharide sequences attached to an inert support (SYNSORB) as potential therapy for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 169, 1291-1296.

Holzapfel, W. H. and Schillinger, U. (2002) Introduction to pre- and probiotics. Food Research International, 35, 109-116.

Hudson M.J. and Marsh P.D. (1995) Carbohydrate metabolism in the colon. In: Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology. G.R. Gibson and G.T. Macfarlane, (Eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, pp. 61-73.

Hui, Y.H., Gorham, J.R., Murrell, K.D. and Cliver, D.O. (eds.) 1994. Foodborne diseases handbook – diseases caused by bacteria. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

Imaizumi, K., Nakatsu, Y., Sato, M., Sedarnawati, Y. and Sugano, M. (1991) Effects of xylooligosaccharides on blood glucose, serum and liver lipids and caecum short-chain fatty acids in diabetic rats. Agriculture Biology and Biochemistry, 55, 199-205.

Ito, M., Deguchi, Y., Miyamori, A., Matsumoto, K., Kikuchi, H., Matsumoto, K., Kobayashi, Y., Yajima, T. and Kan, T. (1990) Effects of administration of galactooligosaccharide on the human feacal microflora, stool weight and abdominal sensation. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 3, 285-292.

Jacobsen, C. N., Nielsen, V. R., Hayford, A. E., Moller, P. L., Michaelson, K. F., Paeregaard, A., Sandstrom, B., Tvede, M. and Jakobsen, M. (1999) Screening of the probiotic activities of forty-seven strains of Lactobacillus spp. by in vitro techniques and evaluationof the colonization ability of five selected strains in humans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 4949-4956.

Jayaraman, N., Nepogodiev, S.A. and Stoddart, J.F. 1997. Synthetic carbohydrate-containing dendimers. Chemistry Europe  Journal 3, 1193-1199.

Karlsson, K.-A., 1989. Animal glycosphingolipids as membrane attachment sites for bacteria. Annual Review of Biochemistry 58, 309-50.

Kailasapathy K. and Chin J. (2000) Survival and therapeutic potential of probiotic organisms with reference to Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Immunol. Cell Biol. 78, 80-88.

Kleessen, B., Bezirtzoglou, E. and Matto, J. (2000) Culture based knowledge on biodiversity, development and stability of human gastrointestinal microflora. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 53-63.

Klijn, N., Weerkamp, A. H. and de Vos, W. M. (1995) Genetic marking of Lactococcus lactis shows its survival in the human gastrointestinal tract. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 2771-2774.

Kruh, J. (1982) Effects of sodium butyrate, a new pharmacological agent on cells in culture. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 42, 65-82.

Kunz C. and Rudloff S. (1993) Biological functions of oligosaccharides in human milk. Acta Paediatr. 82, 903-912.

Langendijk, P. S., Schut, F., Jansen, G. J., Raangs, G. C., Kamphuis, G. R., Wilkinson, M. H. F. and Welling, G. W. (1995) Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridisation of Bifidobacterium spp. with genus-specific 16S rRNA-targeted probes and its application in faecal samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 3069-3075.

Levitt M.D., Gibson G.R. and Christl S.U. (1995) Gas metabolism in the large intestine. In: Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology. G.R. Gibson and G.T. Macfarlane, (Eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, pp. 131-153.

Lewis, B. A., Hall, M. B. and Van Soest, P. J. 2001. Interaction between human gut bacteria and dietary fiber substrates. In, “CRC Handbook of Dietary fiber in human nutrition, 3rd Edition” (eds G. A. Spiller) CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 271-276.

Macfarlane G.T. and Cummings J.H. (1991) The colonic flora, fermentation and large bowel digestive function. In: The Large Intestine: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Disease. S.F. Phillips, J.H. Pemberton and R.G. Shorter (Eds.) Raven Press, NY. pp. 51-88.

Macfarlane G.T. and Gibson G.R. (1994) Metabolic activities of the normal colonic flora. In: Human Health: The Contribution of Microorganisms. S.A.W. Gibson (Ed.) Springer, London. pp. 17-52.

Macfarlane G.T. and Macfarlane S. (1995) Proteolysis and amino acid fermentation. In: Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology. G.R. Gibson and G.T. Macfarlane, (Eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, pp. 75-100.

Macfarlane G.T. and Macfarlane S. (1997) Human colonic microbiota: Ecology, physiology and metabolic potential of intestinal bacteria. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 32, Suppl. 222: 3-9.

Macfarlane, G. T. and McBain, A. J. (1999) The human colonic microbiota. In: Colonic Microbiota, Nutrition and Health (Eds, Gibson, G. R. and Roberfroid, M.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, pp. 1-26.

Macfarlane G.T., Gibson G.R. and Cummings J.H. (1992) Comparison of fermentation reactions in different regions of the human colon. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72, 57-64.

Macfarlane S., McBain A.J. and Macfarlane G.T. (1997) Consequences of biofilm and sessile growth in the large intestine. Adv. Dent. Res. 11, 59-68.

Macfarlane, G. T., Macfarlane, S. and Gibson, G. R. (1998) Validation of a three-stage compound continuous culture system for investigating the effect of retention time on the ecology and metabolism of bacteria in the human colon. Microbial Ecology, 35, 180-187.

Marteau, P., de Vrese, M., Cellier, C. J. and Schrezenmeir, J. (2001) Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73 supp, 430S-436S.

McBain, A. J. and Macfarlane, G. T. (2001) Modulation of genotoxic enzyme activities by non-digestible oligosaccharide metabolism in in-vitro human gut bacterial systems. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 50, 833-842.

McCartney, A. L. (2002) Application of molecular biological methods for studying probiotcs and the gut flora. British Journal of Nutrition, 88, S29-S37.

Metchnikoff E. (1907) The Prolongation of life. Heinemann, London.

Miller T.L. and Wolin M.J. (1981) Fermentation by the human large intestine microbial community in an in vitro semicontinuous culture system. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42, 400-407.

Mitsuoka T. (1990) Bifidobacteria and their role in human health. J. Industrial Micro. 6, 263-268.

Mitsuoka T., Hidaka H. and Eida T. (1987) Effect of fructooligosaccharides on intestinal microflora. Die Nahrung. 31, 427-436.

Modler H.W. (1994) Bifidogenic factors – Sources, metabolism and applications. Int. Dairy J.  pp. 383-407.

Molly K., Vande Woestyne M. and Verstraete W. (1993) Development of a 5-step multi-chamber reactor as a simulation of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 39, 254-258.

Moore W.E.C., Cato E.P. and Holdeman L.V. (1978) Some current concepts in intestinal bacteriology. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31, S33-S42.

Morgan, A. J., Mul, A. J., Beldman, G. and Voragen, A. G. J. (1992) Dietary oligosaccharides - new insights. AGRO Food Industry High Tech, Nov/Dec 1992, 35-38.

Morisse J.P., Maurice R., Boilletot E. and Cotte J.P. (1993) Assessment of the activity of a fructo-oligosaccharide on different caecal parameters in rabbits experimentally infected with E. coli 0.103. Annals of Zootechnology 42, 81-87.

Naruszewicz, M., Johansson, M.-L., Zapolska-Downar, D. and Bukowska, H. (2002) Effect of Lactobaillus plantarum 299v on cardivascular disease risk factors in smokers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76, 1249-1255.

Nilsson U., Oste R., Jagerstad M. and Birkhed D. (1988) Cereal fructans: in vitro and in vivo studies on availability in rats and humans. J. Nutr. 118, 1325-1330.

Oku T., Tokunaga T. and Hosoya N. (1984) Nondigestibility of a new sweetener, “Neosugar” in the rat. J. Nutr. 114, 1574-1581.

Olano-Martin, E., Mountzouris, K. C., Gibson, G. R. and Rastall, R. A. (2000) In vitro fermentability of dextran, oligodextran and maltodextrin by human gut bacteria. British Journal of Nutrition, 83, 247-255.

O’Sullivan M.G. (1996) Metabolism of bifidogenic factors by gut flora- An overview. Bull. I.D.F. 313, 23-25.

Ouwehand, A. C., Salmien, S. and Isolauri, E. (2002) Probiotics: an overview of the beneficial effects. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 82, 279-289.

Park, S.F. and Kroll, R.G. 1993. Expression of listeriolysin and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is repressed by the plant-derived molecule cellobiose in Listeria monocytogenes. Molecular Microbiology 8, 653-61.

Payne, S., Gibson, G., Wynne, A., Hudspith, B., Brostoff, J. and Tuohy, K. (2003) In vitro studies on colonization resistance of the human but microbiota to Candida albicans and the effects of tetracycline and Lactobacillus plantarum LPK. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology, 4, 1-8.

Pereira, D. I. A. and Gibson, G. (2002) Cholesterol assimilation by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria isolated from the human gut. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 4689-4693.

Pereira, D. I. A., McCartney, A. L. and Gibson, G. R. (2003) An in vitro study of the probiotic potential of a bile-salt-hydolysing Lactobacillus fermentum strain, and determination of its cholesterol-lowering properties. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 4743-4752.

Quigley M.E. and Kelly S.M. (1995) Structure, function and metabolism of host mucus glycoproteins. In: Human Colonic Bacteria- Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology. G.R. Gibson and G.T. Macfarlane (Eds.) CRC Press, London. pp. 175-199.

Rao, A. V. (1999) Large bowel cancer and colonic foods. In Colonic Microbiotia, Nutrition and Health (Eds, Gibson, G. R. and Roberfroid, M.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, London. pp. 257- 268.

Rastall, R. A. and Maitin, V. (2002) Prebiotics and synbiotics: towards the next generation. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 13, 490-496.

Reddy, B. S. (1999) Possible Mechanisms by which pro- and prebiotics influence colon carcinogenesis and tumour growth. Journal of Nutrition 1478S-1482S.

Roberfroid, M. B. (1998) Prebiotics and synbiotics: concepts and nutritional properties. British Journal of Nutrition, 80 supp 2, 197S-202S.

Roberfroid, M. (2002) Functional food concept and its application to prebiotics. Digestive and Liver Disease, 34, S105-S110.

Roberfroid M., Gibson G.R. and Delzenne N. (1993) The biochemistry of oligofructose, a non-digestible fibre: an approach to calculate its calorific value. Nutr. Rev. 51, 137-146.

Roitt, I., Brostoff, J. and Male, D. (1998) Immunology. Mosby, London.

Roller, M., Rechkemmer, G. and Watzl, B. (2004) Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis modulates immune function in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 134, 153-156.

Rosenfeldt, V., Benfeldt, E., Nielsen, S. D., F., M. K., Jeppesen, D. L., Valerius, N. H. and Paeregaard, A. (2003) Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 111, 389-395.

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Rowland I. R. and Tanaka R. (1993) The effects of transgalactosylated oligosaccharides on gut flora metabolism in rats associated with human faecal microflora. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 74, 667-674.

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Rumney C.J., Rowland I.R., Coutts C.M., Randerath K., Reddy R., Shah A.B., Ellul A. and O’Neil I. K. (1993) Effects of risk-associated human dietary macrocomponents on processes related to carcinogenesis in human-flora-associated (HFA) rats. Carcinogenesis. 14, 79-84.

Rycroft, C. E., Jones, M. R., Gibson, G. R. and Rastall, R. A. (2001) A comparative in vitro evaluation of the fermantation properties of prebiotic oligosaccharides. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91, 878-887.

Saarela, M., Lahteenmaki, L., Crittenden, R., Salmien, S. and Mattila-Sandholm, T. (2002) Gut bacteria and health foods - the European perspective. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 78, 99-117.

Salminen, S. and Salminen, E. (1997) Lactulose, lactic acid bacteria, intestinal microecology and mucosal protection. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 32 supp, 45-48.

Salminen, S., Bouley, C., Boutron-Ruault, M-C., Cummings, J.H., Franck, A., Gibson, G.R., Isolauri, E., Moreau, M.C., Roberfroid, M.B. and Rowland, I.R. 1998a. Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function. British Journal of Nutrition 80, S147-S171.

Salminen, S., von Wright, A., Morelli, L., Marteau, P., Brassart, D., de Vos, W. M., Fonden, R., Saxelin, M., Collins, K., Mogensen, G., Birkeland, S.-E. and Mattila-Sandholm, T. (1998b) Demonstation of the safety of probiotics - a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 44, 93-106.

Salminen, M. K., Tynkkynen, S., Rautelin, H., Saxelin, M., Vaara, M., Ruutu, P., Sarna, S., Valtonen, V. and Jarvinen, A. (2002) Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use if Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 35, 1155-1160.

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Satokari, R. M., Vaughn, E. E., Akkermans, A. D. L., Saarela, M. and de Vos, W. M. (2001) Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoesis monitoring of faecal Bifidobacterium populations in a prebiotic and probiotic feeding trial. Systemic and Applied Microbiology, 24, 227-231.

Schriffin, E. J. and Brassart, D. (1999) Intestinal microflora and the mucosal mechanisms of protection. In Colonic Microbiota, Health and Disease (Eds, Gibson, G. R. and Roberfroid, M.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, pp. 201-212.

Shin, H.-S., Lee, J.-H., Pestka, J. J. and Ustunol, Z. (2000) Growth and viability of commercail Bifidobacterium spp. in skim milk containing oligosaccharides and inulin. Journal of Food Science, 65, 884-887.

Silvi, S., Rumney, C. J., Cresci, A. and Rowland, I. R. (1999) Resistant starch modifies gut flora and microbial metabolismin human flora-associated rats inoculated with feaces from Italian and UK donors. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86, 521-530.

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Sullivan, A. and Nord, C. E. (2002) The place of probiotics in human intestinal infections. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 20, 313-319.

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